Paediatric Respiratory Reviews RSS feed: Articles in Press. Submit your article online to Paediatric Respiratory Reviews http://ees.elsevier.com/yprrv Paediatric Respiratory Reviews NEW Free Online CME Program Paediatric Respiratory Reviews offers authors the opportunity to submit their own editorials, educational reviews and short communications on topics relevant to paediatric respiratory medicine. These peer reviewed contributions will complement the commissioned reviews which will continue to form an integral part of the journal. Subjects covered include: • epidemiology • immunology and cell biology • physiology • occupational disorders • the role of allergens and pollutants A particular emphasis is given to the recommendation of "best practice" for primary care physicians and paediatricians. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews is aimed at general paediatricians but it should also be read by specialist paediatric physicians and nurses, respiratory physicians and general practitioners. It is a journal for those who are busy and do not have time to read systematically through literature, but who need to stay up to date in the field of paediatric respiration. Stay up to date and let the journal do the work for you! http://www.prrjournal.com//inpress?rss=yesElsevier Inc.en Crown Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews1526-05422011-10-12 Crown Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. healthpermissions@elsevier.comhttp://www.prrjournal.com/article/PIIS1526054211000170/abstract?rss=yesSummary: The Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a rare disorder in which patients are prone to life threatening ventricular arrhythmia and is a leading cause of sudden death in childhood. Asthma is common and its management in those with LQTS presents a number of potential difficulties. The mainstay of therapy in LQTS is beta-blockade, which may worsen symptoms of asthma. Conversely, beta-agonist therapy is the mainstay of asthma management; which, in those with LQTS, may provoke ventricular arrhythmias. We review available data regarding the management of coexistent LQTS and asthma, and provide a summary of the necessary considerations in managing these patients.Management of asthma in children with long QT syndrome - Corrected ProofSamuel Collins, John Widger, Andrew Davis, John Massie10.1016/j.prrv.2011.02.003Paediatric Respiratory Reviews (2011)2011-10-12Paediatric Respiratory Reviews2011-10-12CME REVIEWhttp://www.prrjournal.com/article/PIIS1526054211000182/abstract?rss=yesSummary: This paper is an attempt to convey in a lucid way how to go about writing a scientific article for publication in an appropriate journal. Topics covered are: a) reasons to write a paper b) types of papers c) asking a question and formulating an hypothesis d) the complex series of steps necessary before you begin your study e) additional considerations once your study is complete f) the process of writing the paper and g) writing skills. In the concluding remarks I comment on the possibility of rejection of your submission which should not be taken personally. If this does occur it should not deter you from contributing to medical science.How to get your paper accepted for publication - Corrected ProofVictor Chernick10.1016/j.prrv.2011.02.004Paediatric Respiratory Reviews (2011)2011-10-12Paediatric Respiratory Reviews2011-10-12RESEARCH: FROM CONCEPT TO PRESENTATIONhttp://www.prrjournal.com/article/PIIS1526054211000194/abstract?rss=yesSummary: We review the limited available evidence on underlying causes of recurrent pneumonia in children, supplemented by our own clinical experience. Diagnosing recurrent pneumonia in children is difficult. Diagnostic confusion is possible with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections and asthma. In our series of children with recurrent pneumonia, we never identified asthma as an underlying cause. Because the frequency or severity of recurrent pneumonia does not always justify additional invasive investigations, the diagnostic work-up may be incomplete in a number of cases. This may help to explain why an underlying cause for recurrent pneumonia cannot be found in approximately 30% of cases. Finally, the paradigm that recurrent pneumonia in the same lung lobe has a differential diagnosis different from those recurring in multiple lobes was not borne out in our case series. A stepwise and pragmatic approach to evaluating children with recurrent lower respiratory tract infections is recommended.Evaluating the child with recurrent lower respiratory tract infections - Corrected ProofPaul L.P. Brand, M.F. Paulien Hoving, Eric P. de Groot10.1016/j.prrv.2011.02.005Paediatric Respiratory Reviews (2011)2011-10-12Paediatric Respiratory Reviews2011-10-12MINI-SYMPOSIUM: RECURRENT LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONShttp://www.prrjournal.com/article/PIIS1526054211000443/abstract?rss=yesSummary: Steroid-resistant asthma (SRA) refers to patients with symptoms consistent with asthma who show very poor or no response at all to high doses of inhaled or even of systemic corticosteroids. The current article reviews the SRA related literature focusing on the problems associated with the definition of SRA (especially its association with difficult to control, or severe asthma), its various phenotypes, its molecular basis, and the potential treatment options. The article also discusses the limitations of some of the key criteria used for the determination of SRA and proposes a modified set of criteria that are more applicable to children.STEROID-RESISTANT ASTHMA - Corrected ProofRobert P. Yim, Anastassios C. Koumbourlis10.1016/j.prrv.2011.05.002Paediatric Respiratory Reviews (2011)2011-10-12Paediatric Respiratory Reviews2011-10-12CME REVIEWhttp://www.prrjournal.com/article/PIIS1526054211000455/abstract?rss=yesSummary: While asthma is extremely common, fatal and near fatal asthma is rare and often preventable if there is early recognition of symptom progression and appropriate intervention. In the past decade, asthma mortality has progressively declined in association with the widespread use of inhaled corticosteroids and asthma care plans. Management of life threatening asthma requires patient education to ensure the proper use of medications and to enable the patient to recognize when additional therapy for poorly controlled asthma is required. There is some evidence that suggests that the overly aggressive use of asthma medications when treating a severe exacerbation may contribute to morbidity. Because of the risks of air trapping and barotrauma associated with partial airway obstruction, it is best to avoid mechanical ventilation if possible but when this is used, low tidal volumes, longer exhalation times, and permissive hypercarbia can minimize these risks. There is the promise that a better understanding of asthma immunology and severe asthma “phenotypes” will lead to better prevention and therapy.Beyond the guidelines: Fatal and near-fatal asthma - Corrected ProofBruce K. Rubin, Vladimir Pohanka10.1016/j.prrv.2011.05.003Paediatric Respiratory Reviews (2011)2011-10-12Paediatric Respiratory Reviews2011-10-12CME REVIEWhttp://www.prrjournal.com/article/PIIS1526054211000480/abstract?rss=yesSummary: Infancy is a time of marked and rapid changes in respiratory tract development. Infants (0–1 year of age) and young children (1– 3 years of age) are a unique subpopulation with regard to therapeutic aerosols. Anatomical, physiological and emotional factors, peculiar to these age groups, present significant challenges for aerosol delivery to the respiratory tract. Most studies with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) have administered aerosols with relatively large particles, frequently > 3μm in mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD). These drugs were designed for use in adults and older children and were administered with masks which were frequently rejected by children under age 3-4 years. We review the reasons that large-particle aerosols are likely to be less effective in infants and young children. We suggest that the benefit of inhaled medications in this age group requires further evaluation to determine if better therapeutic outcomes might be achieved using smaller particles and more patient-friendly delivery systems.Deposition of small particles in the developing lung - Corrected ProofIsrael Amirav, Michael T. Newhouse10.1016/j.prrv.2011.05.006Paediatric Respiratory Reviews (2011)2011-10-12Paediatric Respiratory Reviews2011-10-12MINI-SYMPOSIUM: NANOPARTICLES AND CHILDREN'S LUNGShttp://www.prrjournal.com/article/PIIS1526054211000686/abstract?rss=yesSummary: This review will provide an overview of current research into lung imaging with nanoparticles, with a focus on the use of nanoparticles as molecular imaging agents to observe pathological processes and to monitor the effectiveness of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems. Various imaging modalities together with their advantages and limitations for lung imaging will be discussed. We will also explore the range of nanoparticles used, as well as active or passive targeting of nanoparticles.Imaging the paediatric lung: what does nanotechnology have to offer? - Corrected ProofK.L. Ordidge, B.A. Duffy, J.A. Wells, T.L. Kalber, S.M. Janes, M.F. Lythgoe10.1016/j.prrv.2011.07.001Paediatric Respiratory Reviews (2011)2011-10-12Paediatric Respiratory Reviews2011-10-12MINI-SYMPOSIUM: NANOPARTICLES AND CHILDREN'S LUNGShttp://www.prrjournal.com/article/PIIS1526054211000704/abstract?rss=yesSummary: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are increasingly being recognized in the general population, and have been largely attributed to lifestyle changes (reduced exposure to sunshine due to working indoors or the use of protective clothing and sunscreen; changes in diet) over the last few decades. The musculoskeletal consequences of severe vitamin D deficiency are well established, however, a number of other disorders have now been linked to vitamin D insufficiency, including asthma.There is growing appreciation of the likely importance of vitamin D as a pleiotrophic mediator that contributes to pulmonary health. Children with asthma appear to be at increased risk of vitamin D insufficiency. Epidemiologic data suggest that low serum vitamin D in children with asthma is associated with more symptoms, exacerbations, reduced lung function, increased medication usage and severe disease. In vitro studies have demonstrated that vitamin D enhances steroid responsiveness in adult asthmatics. Vitamin D may play an important role in pulmonary health by inhibiting inflammation, in part through maintaining regulatory T cells, and direct induction of innate antimicrobial mechanisms.More research is required to fully understand the role of vitamin D in the maintenance of airway homeostasis and address the diagnostic and therapeutic implications vitamin D may have in the future of asthma management. This review summarises the current understanding and uncertainties regarding the effect of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in children with asthma.Vitamin D and Asthma in Children - Corrected ProofAtul Gupta, Andrew Bush, Catherine Hawrylowicz, Sejal Saglani10.1016/j.prrv.2011.07.003Paediatric Respiratory Reviews (2011)2011-10-12Paediatric Respiratory Reviews2011-10-12CME REVIEWhttp://www.prrjournal.com/article/PIIS152605421100073X/abstract?rss=yesSummary: Inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation programs have evolved from tuberculosis sanatoriums to modern medical centres providing standardized comprehensive care in a multidiciplinatory environment. Goals of rehabilitation programs for children and adolescents include restoration of professional activity, improvement of health condition, compliance and disease management as well as restoration of quality of life. Eligibility for an intervention is assessed by defined social and medical criteria. Comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation programs provide a wide range of health care recourses, including diagnostic procedures, specific medical care, educational interventions and a multiprofessional team. Paediatric rehabilitation programs for chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma or cystic fibrosis, have been shown to reduce symptoms, increase aerobic fitness and physical strength, improve pulmonary function and inflammation and enhance compliance, self-management, quality of life and psychological symptoms. Regional climatic effects have demonstrated an additional positive effect on the rehabilitation outcome. In addition, first evidence suggests an overall reduction of health care costs.Inpatient paediatric rehabilitation in chronic respiratory disorders - Corrected ProofAndreas Jung, Irmela Heinrichs, Christian Geidel, Roger Lauener10.1016/j.prrv.2011.08.001Paediatric Respiratory Reviews (2011)2011-10-12Paediatric Respiratory Reviews2011-10-12REVIEWhttp://www.prrjournal.com/article/PIIS1526054211000741/abstract?rss=yesSummary: Nanoparticles have unique physico-chemical properties compared to larger particles that have the potential to provide promising new possibilities for biomedical applications. Considerable research is currently exploring these potentials of nanotechnology. In contrast, airborne particles as components of indoor air, ambient air pollution associated with traffic-related pollution, industry, power plants, and other combustion sources have the potential to harm children's health. However, a similar research effort into the potential health effects of exposure to nanoparticles is lacking. Children differ markedly from adults in their developmental biology rendering young children the most vulnerable group with regard to potentially harmful effects induced by particulate exposure. This review discusses the differences between children and adults in regard to nanoparticle exposure highlighting the uniqueness and vulnerability of children.The developing respiratory tract and its specific needs in regard to ultrafine particulate matter exposure - Corrected ProofKaren Schüepp, Peter D. Sly10.1016/j.prrv.2011.08.002Paediatric Respiratory Reviews (2011)2011-10-12Paediatric Respiratory Reviews2011-10-12MINI-SYMPOSIUM: NANOPARTICLES AND CHILDREN'S LUNGS