Paediatric Respiratory Reviews
Volume 8, Issue 2 , Pages 164-170 , June 2007

Treatment approaches for empyema in children

  • Samatha Sonnappa

      Affiliations

    • Portex Respiratory Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health London, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: Portex Respiratory Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK. Tel.: +44 20 7905 2327; Fax: +44 20 7829 8634.
    • ,
  • Adam Jaffe

      Affiliations

    • Sydney Children's Hospital and School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

References 

  1. Avansino JR, Goldman B, Sawin RS, Flum DR. Primary operative versus nonoperative therapy for pediatric empyema: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2005;115:1652–1659
  2. Hardie W, Bokulic R, Garcia VF, Reising SF, Christie CD. Pneumococcal pleural empyemas in children. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:1057–1063
  3. Ferguson AD, Prescott RJ, Selkon JB, Watson D, Swinburn CR. The clinical course and management of thoracic empyema. QJM. 1996;89:285–289
  4. Balfour-Lynn IM, Abrahamson E, Cohen G, et al. BTS guidelines for the management of pleural infection in children. Thorax. 2005;60(Suppl 1):i1–i21
  5. Jaffe A, Balfour-Lynn IM. Management of empyema in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005;40:148–156
  6. Ramnath RR, Heller RM, Ben Ami T, et al. Implications of early sonographic evaluation of parapneumonic effusions in children with pneumonia. Pediatrics. 1998;101:68–71
  7. Epaud R, Aubertin G, Larroquet M, et al. Conservative use of chest-tube insertion in children with pleural effusion. Pediatr Surg Int. 2006;22:357–362
  8. Mitri RK, Brown SD, Zurakowski D, et al. Outcomes of primary image-guided drainage of parapneumonic effusions in children. Pediatrics. 2002;110:e37
  9. Shoseyov D, Bibi H, Shatzberg G, et al. Short-term course and outcome of treatments of pleural empyema in pediatric patients: repeated ultrasound-guided needle thoracocentesis vs chest tube drainage. Chest. 2002;121:836–840
  10. Chan PW, Crawford O, Wallis C, Dinwiddie R. Treatment of pleural empyema. J Paediatr Child Health. 2000;36:375–377
  11. Satish B, Bunker M, Seddon P. Management of thoracic empyema in childhood: does the pleural thickening matter?. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88:918–921
  12. Karaman I, Erdogan D, Karaman A, Cakmak O. Comparison of closed-tube thoracostomy and open thoracotomy procedures in the management of thoracic empyema in childhood. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2004;14:250–254
  13. Thomson AH, Hull J, Kumar MR, Wallis C, Balfour Lynn IM. Randomised trial of intrapleural urokinase in the treatment of childhood empyema. Thorax. 2002;57:343–347
  14. Singh M, Mathew JL, Chandra S, Katariya S, Kumar L. Randomized controlled trial of intrapleural streptokinase in empyema thoracis in children. Acta Paediatr. 2004;93:1443–1445
  15. Sonnappa S, Cohen G, Owens CM, et al. Comparison of urokinase and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for treatment of childhood empyema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174:221–227
  16. Kurt BA, Winterhalter KM, Connors RH, Betz BW, Winters JW. Therapy of parapneumonic effusions in children: video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus conventional thoracostomy drainage. Pediatrics. 2006;118:e547–e553
  17. Carey JA, Hamilton JR, Spencer DA, Gould K, Hasan A. Empyema thoracis: a role for open thoracotomy and decortication. Arch Dis Child. 1998;79:510–513
  18. Hilliard TN, Henderson AJ, Langton Hewer SC. Management of parapneumonic effusion and empyema. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88:915–917
  19. Doski JJ, Lou D, Hicks BA, et al. Management of parapneumonic collections in infants and children. J Pediatr Surg. 2000;35:265–268
  20. Pierrepoint MJ, Evans A, Morris SJ, Harrison SK, Doull IJ. Pigtail catheter drain in the treatment of empyema thoracis. Arch Dis Child. 2002;87:331–332
  21. Byington CL, Korgenski K, Daly J, Ampofo K, Pavia A, Mason EO. Impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal parapneumonic empyema. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:250–254
  22. Ramphul N, Eastham KM, Freeman R, et al. Cavitatory lung disease complicating empyema in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006;41:750–753
  23. Calbo E, Diaz A, Canadell E, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease among children in a health district of Barcelona: early impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12:867–872
  24. De SI, Malfroot A, Pierard D, Lauwers S. Pneumococcal serogroups and serotypes in severe pneumococcal pneumonia in Belgian children: theoretical coverage of the 7-valent and 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006;41:765–770
  25. Bekri H, Cohen R, Varon E, et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes involved in children with pleural empyemas in France. Arch Pediatr. 2007;14:239–243
  26. Klugman KP, Madhi SA, Huebner RE, Kohberger R, Mbelle N, Pierce N. A trial of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children with and those without HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1341–1348
  27. Cutts FT, Zaman SM, Enwere G, et al. Efficacy of nine-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease in The Gambia: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365:1139–1146
  28. Byington CL, Spencer LY, Johnson TA, et al. An epidemiological investigation of a sustained high rate of pediatric parapneumonic empyema: risk factors and microbiological associations. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:434–440
  29. Eltringham G, Kearns A, Freeman R, et al. Culture-negative childhood empyema is usually due to penicillin-sensitive Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular serotype 1. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:521–522
  30. Eastham KM, Freeman R, Kearns AM, et al. Clinical features, aetiology and outcome of empyema in children in the north east of England. Thorax. 2004;59:522–525
  31. Fletcher M, Leeming J, Cartwright K, Finn A. Childhood empyema: limited potential impact of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:559–560
  32. Idell S, Mazar A, Cines D, et al. Single-chain urokinase alone or complexed to its receptor in tetracycline-induced pleuritis in rabbits. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:920–926
  33. Idell S, Allen T, Chen S, Koenig K, Mazar A, Azghani A. Intrapleural activation, processing, efficacy and duration of protection of single chain urokinase in evolving tetracycline-induced pleural injury in rabbits. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2006;118:e547–e553
  34. Zhu Z, Hawthorne ML, Guo Y, et al. Tissue plasminogen activator combined with human recombinant deoxyribonuclease is effective therapy for empyema in a rabbit model. Chest. 2006;129:1577–1583

PII: S1526-0542(07)00043-7

doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2007.05.002

Paediatric Respiratory Reviews
Volume 8, Issue 2 , Pages 164-170 , June 2007

Article Tools