Paediatric Respiratory Reviews
Volume 7, Issue 2 , Pages 89-96 , June 2006

The development of respiratory inflammation in children

References 

  1. Lau S, Illi S, Sommerfeld C, Niggemann B, et al. Early exposure to house-dust mite and cat allergens and development of childhood asthma: a cohort study. Multicentre Allergy Study Group. Lancet. 2000;356:1392–1397
  2. Pohunek P, Warner JO, Turzikova J, Kudrmann J, Roche WR. Markers of eosinophilic inflammation and tissue re-modelling in children before clinically diagnosed bronchial asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2005;16:43–51
  3. Eichenfield LF, Hanifin JM, Beck LA, et al. Atopic dermatitis and asthma: parallels in the evolution of treatment. Pediatrics. 2003;111:608–616
  4. Guilbert TW, Morgan WJ, Zeiger RS, et al. Atopic characteristics of children with recurrent wheezing at high risk for the development of childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114:1282–1287
  5. Cutz E, Levison H, Cooper DM. Ultrastructure of airways in children with asthma. Histopathology. 1978;2:407–421
  6. van den Toorn LM, Overbeek SE, de Jongste JC, Leman K, Hoogsteden HC, Prins JB. Airway inflammation is present during clinical remission of atopic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:2107–2113
  7. Morgan WJ, Stern DA, Sherrill DL, et al. Outcome of asthma and wheezing in the first 6 years of life: follow-up through adolescence. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172:1253–1258
  8. Rasmussen F, Taylor DR, Flannery EM, et al. Risk factors for airway remodeling in asthma manifested by a low postbronchodilator FEV1/vital capacity ratio: a longitudinal population study from childhood to adulthood. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:1480–1488
  9. Bibi HS, Feigenbaum D, Hessen M, Shoseyov D. Do current treatment protocols adequately prevent airway remodeling in children with mild intermittent asthma?. Respir Med. 2006;100:458–462
  10. Merkus PJ, van Pelt W, van Houwelingen JC, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids and growth of airway function in asthmatic children. Eur Respir J. 2004;23:861–868
  11. Holgate ST. Epithelial damage and response. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30(suppl 1):37–41
  12. Martinez FD, Helms PJ. Types of asthma and wheezing. Eur Respir J Suppl. 1998;27:3s–8s
  13. Tschernig T, Debertin AS, Paulsen F, Kleemann WJ, Pabst R. Dendritic cells in the mucosa of the human trachea are not regularly found in the first year of life. Thorax. 2001;56:427–431
  14. Nelson D, McMenamin C, McWilliam A, Brenan M, Holt P. Development of the airway intraepithelial dendritic cell network in the rat from class II MHC (Ia) negative precursors: differential regulation of Ia expression at different levels of the respiratory tract. J Exp Med. 1994;179:203–212
  15. Nelson D, Holt P. Defective regional immunity in the respiratory tract of neonates is attributable to hyporesponsiveness of local dendritic cells to activation signals. J Immunol. 1995;155:3517–3524
  16. Huh JC, Strickland DH, Jahnsen FL, et al. Bidirectional interactions between antigen-bearing respiratory tract dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells precede the late phase reaction in experimental asthma: DC activation occurs in the airway mucosa but not in the lung parenchyma. J Exp Med. 2003;198:19–30
  17. Jahnsen FL, Moloney ED, Hogan T, Upham JW, Burke CM, Holt PG. Rapid dendritic cell recruitment to the bronchial mucosa of patients with atopic asthma in response to local allergen challenge. Thorax. 2001;56:823–826
  18. Stampfli MR, Wiley RE, Neigh GS, et al. GM-CSF transgene expression in the airway allows aerosolized ovalbumin to induce allergic sensitization in mice. J Clin Invest. 1998;102:1704–1714
  19. Yamamoto N, Suzuki S, Shirai A, et al. Dendritic cells are associated with augmentation of antigen sensitization by influenza A virus infection in mice. Eur J Immunol. 2000;30:316–326
  20. Stumbles PA, Thomas JA, Pimm CL, et al. Resting respiratory tract dendritic cells preferentially stimulate T helper cell type 2 (Th2) responses and require obligatory cytokine signals for induction of Th1 immunity. J Exp Med. 1998;188:2019–2031
  21. Upham JW, Lee PT, Holt BJ, et al. Development of interleukin-12-producing capacity throughout childhood. Infect Immun. 2002;70:6583–6588
  22. Bienenstock J, Befus D. Gut- and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue. Am J Anat. 1984;170:437–445
  23. Vancikova Z, Lodinova-Zadnikova R, Radl J, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. The early postnatal development of salivary antibody and immunoglobulin response in children orally colonized with a nonpathogenic, probiotic strain of E. coli. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2003;48:281–287
  24. Sopo SM, Macchiaiolo M, Zorzi G, Tripodi S. Sublingual immunotherapy in asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis; systematic review of paediatric literature. Arch Dis Child. 2004;89:620–624
  25. Novembre E, Galli E, Landi F, et al. Coseasonal sublingual immunotherapy reduces the development of asthma in children with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114:851–857
  26. Bachert C, van Cauwenberge P. The WHO ARIA (allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma) initiative. Chem Immunol Allergy. 2003;82:119–126
  27. Ciprandi G, Cirillo I, Tosca MA, Vizzaccaro A. Bronchial hyperreactivity and spirometric impairment in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2004;133:14–18
  28. Nayak AS. The asthma and allergic rhinitis link. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2003;24:395–402
  29. Crystal-Peters J, Neslusan C, Crown WH, Torres A. Treating allergic rhinitis in patients with comorbid asthma: the risk of asthma-related hospitalizations and emergency department visits. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:57–62
  30. Wills-Karp M, Luyimbazi J, Xu X, et al. Interleukin-13: central mediator of allergic asthma. Science. 1998;282:2258–2261
  31. Richter A, Puddicombe SM, Lordan JL, et al. The contribution of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 to the epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit in asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2001;25:385–391
  32. Hansen G, Berry G, DeKruyff RH, Umetsu DT. Allergen-specific Th1 cells fail to counterbalance Th2 cell-induced airway hyperreactivity but cause severe airway inflammation. J Clin Invest. 1999;103:175–183
  33. Corrigan CJ, Kay AB. CD4 T-lymphocyte activation in acute severe asthma. Relationship to disease severity and atopic status. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990;141:970–977
  34. Calhoun WJ, Bates ME, Schrader L, Sedgwick JB, Busse WW. Characteristics of peripheral blood eosinophils in patients with nocturnal asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;145:577–581
  35. Martinez F, Wright A, Taussig L, et al. Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. N Eng J Med. 1995;332:133–138
  36. Stick SM, Burton PR, Gurrin L, Sly PD, LeSouef PN. Effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and a family history of asthma on respiratory function in newborn infants. Lancet. 1996;348:1060–1064
  37. Gilliland FD, Berhane K, Li YF, Rappaport EB, Peters JM. Effects of early onset asthma and in utero exposure to maternal smoking on childhood lung function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167:917–924
  38. Prescott S, Macaubas C, Holt B, et al. Transplacental priming of the human immune system to environmental allergens: universal skewing of initial T-cell responses towards Th-2 cytokine profile. J Immunol. 1998;160:4730–4737
  39. Prescott SL. Early origins of allergic disease: a review of processes and influences during early immune development. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;3:125–132
  40. Devereux G, Barker RN, Seaton A. Antenatal determinants of neonatal immune responses to allergens. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002;32:43–50
  41. Dunstan J, Mori TA, Barden A, et al. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal allergen-specific immune responses and clinical outcomes in infants at high risk of atopy: a randomised controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112:1178–1184
  42. Noakes PS, Holt PG, Prescott SL. Maternal smoking in pregnancy alters neonatal cytokine responses. Allergy. 2003;58:1053–1058
  43. Matsuoka T, Matsubara T, Katayama K, Takeda K, Koga M, Furukawa S. Increase of cord blood cytokine-producing T cells in intrauterine infection. Pediatr Int. 2001;43:453–457
  44. Prescott S, Jenmalm M, Bjorksten B, Holt P. Effects of maternal allergen-specific IgG in cord blood on early postnatal development of allergen-specific T-cell immunity. Allergy. 2000;55:470–475
  45. Edelbauer M, Loibichler C, Nentwich I, Gerstmayr M, Urbanek R, Szepfalusi Z. Maternally delivered nutritive allergens in cord blood and in placental tissue of term and preterm neonates. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004;34:189–193
  46. Woodcock A, Lowe LA, Murray CS, et al. Early life environmental control: effect on symptoms, sensitization, and lung function at age 3 years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:433–439
  47. Lau S, Nickel R, Niggemann B, et al. The development of childhood asthma: lessons from the German Multicentre Allergy Study (MAS). Paediatr Respir Rev. 2002;3:265–272
  48. Stein RT, Sherrill D, Morgan WJ, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus in early life and risk of wheeze and allergy by age 13 years. Lancet. 1999;354:541–545
  49. Oddy WH, de Klerk NH, Sly PD, Holt PG. The effects of respiratory infections, atopy, and breastfeeding on childhood asthma. Eur Respir J. 2002;19:899–905
  50. Strachan DP. Family size, infection and atopy: the first decade of the “hygiene hypothesis”. Thorax. 2000;55(suppl 1):S2–S10
  51. Blumer N, Herz U, Wegmann M, Renz H. Prenatal lipopolysaccharide-exposure prevents allergic sensitisation and airway inflammation, but not airway responsiveness in a murine model of experimental asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005;35:397–402
  52. Tulic MK, Wale JL, Holt PG, Sly PD. Modification of the inflammatory response to allergen challenge after exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2000;22:604–612
  53. Arkwright PD, David TJ. Intradermal administration of a killed Mycobacterium vaccae suspension (SRL 172) is associated with improvement in atopic dermatitis in children with moderate-to-severe disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107:531–534
  54. Weston S, Halbert A, Richmond P, Prescott SL. Effects of probiotics on atopic dermatitis: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90:892–897
  55. Prescott SL, Dunstan J, Hale J, et al. Clinical effects of probiotics are associated with increased interferon-gamma responses in very young children with atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005;35:1557–1564
  56. Baldini M, Lohman IC, Halonen M, Erickson RP, Holt PG, Martinez FD. A Polymorphism in the 5 flanking region of the CD14 gene is associated with circulating soluble CD14 levels and with total serum immunoglobulin E. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1999;20:976–983
  57. Eder W, Klimecki W, Yu L, et al. Toll-like receptor 2 as a major gene for asthma in children of European farmers. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113:482–488
  58. Weiss ST, Tager IB, Munoz A, Speizer FE. The relationship of respiratory infections in early childhood to the occurrence of increased levels of bronchial responsiveness and atopy. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;131:573–578
  59. Martinez FD, Antognoni G, Macri F, et al. Parental smoking enhances bronchial responsiveness in nine-year-old children. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988;138:518–523
  60. Ronchetti R, Macri F, Ciofetta G, et al. Increased serum IgE and increased prevalence of eosinophilia in 9-year-old children of smoking parents. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1990;86:400–407
  61. Cook DG, Carey IM, Whincup PH, et al. Effect of fresh fruit consumption on lung function and wheeze in children. Thorax. 1997;52:628–633
  62. Peat J, van-den-Berg R, Green W, Mellis C, Leeder S, Woolcock A. Changing prevalence of asthma in Australian school children. Br Med J. 1994;308:1591–1596
  63. Peat JK, Mihrshahi S, Kemp AS, et al. Three-year outcomes of dietary fatty acid modification and house dust mite reduction in the Childhood Asthma Prevention Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114:807–813

PII: S1526-0542(06)00021-2

doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2006.03.001

Paediatric Respiratory Reviews
Volume 7, Issue 2 , Pages 89-96 , June 2006

Article Tools