Paediatric Respiratory Reviews
Volume 6, Issue 4 , Pages 255-266 , December 2005

Cold air challenge and specific airway resistance in preschool children

  • Kim Gjerum Nielsen

      Affiliations

    • Pediatric Pulmonary Service, Pediatric Clinic I, Juliane Marie Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +45 3545 1353.
  • ,
  • Hans Bisgaard

      Affiliations

    • Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark

References 

  1. Martinez FD, Wright AL, Taussig LM, Holberg CJ, Halonen M, Morgan WJ. Asthma and wheezing in the first 6 years of life. The Group Health Medical Associates. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995;332:133–138
  2. Sears MR, Greene JM, Willan AR, Wiecek EM, Taylor DR, Flannery EM, et al. A longitudinal, population-based, cohort study of childhood asthma followed to adulthood. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003;349:1414–1422
  3. Horak E, Lanigan A, Roberts M, Welsh L, Wilson J, Carlin JB, et al. Longitudinal study of childhood wheezy bronchitis and asthma: outcome at age 42. BMJ. 2003;326:422–423
  4. Toelle BG, Xuan W, Peat JK, Marks GB. Childhood factors that predict asthma in young adulthood. Eur. Respir. J. 2004;23:66–70
  5. Vonk JM, Postma DS, Boezen HM, Grol MH, Schouten JP, Koeter GH, et al. Childhood factors associated with asthma remission after 30 year follow up. Thorax. 2004;59:925–929
  6. Bisgaard H, Klug B. Lung function measurement in awake young children. Eur. Respir. J. 1995;8:2067–2075
  7. Klug B, Bisgaard H. Measurement of lung function in awake 2-4-year-old asthmatic children during methacholine challenge and acute asthma: a comparison of the impulse oscillation technique, the interrupter technique and transcutaneous measurement of oxygen versus whole-body plethysmography. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 1996;21:290–300
  8. Klug B, Bisgaard H. Measurement of the specific airway resistance by plethysmography in young children accompanied by an adult. Eur. Respir. J. 1997;10:1599–1605
  9. Klug B, Bisgaard H. Repeatability of methacholine challenges in 2- to 4-year-old children with asthma, using a new technique for quantitative delivery of aerosol. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 1997;23:278–286
  10. Klug B, Bisgaard H. Specific airway resistance, interrupter resistance and respiratory impedance in healthy children aged 2–7 years. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 1998;25:322–331
  11. Klug B, Bisgaard H. Lung function and short-term outcome in young asthmatic children. Eur. Respir. J. 1999;14:1185–1189
  12. Klug B, Nielsen KG, Bisgaard H. Observer variability of lung function measurements in 2-6-yr-old children. Eur. Respir. J. 2000;16:472–475
  13. Klug BH. Evaluation of some techniques for measurements of lung function in young children. Dan. Med. Bull. 2002;49:227–241
  14. Bisgaard H, Nielsen KG. Bronchoprotection with a leukotriene receptor antagonist in asthmatic preschool children. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 2000;162:187–190
  15. Nielsen KG, Bisgaard H. Discriminative capacity of bronchodilator response measured with three different lung function techniques in asthmatic and healthy children aged 2 to 5 years. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 2001;164:554–559
  16. Nielsen KG, Bisgaard H. Bronchodilation and bronchoprotection in asthmatic preschool children from formoterol administered by mechanically actuated dry-powder inhaler and spacer. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 2001;164:256–259
  17. Nielsen KG, Bisgaard H. The effect of inhaled budesonide on symptoms, lung function and cold air and methacholine responsiveness in 2- to 5-year-old asthmatic children. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 2000;162:1500–1506
  18. Nielsen KG, Bisgaard H. Lung function response to cold air challenge in asthmatic and healthy children of 2–5 years of age. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 2000;161:1805–1809
  19. Nielsen KG, Bisgaard H. Hyperventilation with cold versus dry air in 2 - to 5 -year-old children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169: in press.
  20. Nielsen KG, Pressler T, Klug B, Koch C, Bisgaard H. Serial lung function and responsiveness in cystic fibrosis during early childhood. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 2004;169:1209–1216
  21. Van Schoor J, Joos GF, Pauwels RA. Indirect bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma: mechanisms, pharmacology and implications for clinical research. Eur. Respir. J. 2000;16:514–533
  22. Joos GF, O’Connor B, Anderson SD, Chung F, Cockcroft DW, Dahlen B, et al. Indirect airway challenges. Eur. Respir. J. 2003;21:1050–1068
  23. Anderson SD, Brannan JD. Methods for ‘indirect’ challenge tests including exercise, eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea and hypertonic aerosols. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 2003;24:27–54
  24. Pattemore PK, Holgate ST. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness and its relationship to asthma in childhood. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 1993;23:886–900
  25. Palmer LJ, Rye PJ, Gibson NA, Burton PR, Landau LI, LeSouef PN. Airway responsiveness in early infancy predicts asthma, lung function and respiratory symptoms by school age. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 2001;163:37–42
  26. Bisgaard H. The Copenhagen Prospective Study on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC): design, rationale and baseline data from a longitudinal birth cohort study. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004;93:381–389
  27. Lombardi E, Morgan WJ, Wright AL, Stein RT, Holberg CJ, Martinez FD. Cold air challenge at age 6 and subsequent incidence of asthma. A longitudinal study. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 1997;156:1863–1869
  28. Bush A. Classification of phenotypes. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2004; 26 (Suppl.): 30–33.
  29. Bush A. Phenotype specific treatment of asthma in childhood. Paediatr. Respir. Rev. 2004; 5 (Suppl.) A:S93–101.
  30. Sont JK, Willems LN, Bel EH, van Krieken JH, Vandenbroucke JP, Sterk PJ. Clinical control and histopathologic outcome of asthma when using airway hyperresponsiveness as an additional guide to long-term treatment. The AMPUL Study Group. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 1999;159:1043–1051
  31. Lowe LA, Simpson A, Woodcock A, Morris J, Murray CS, Custovic A. Wheeze phenotypes lung function in pre-school children. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 2005;171:231–237
  32. Dubois AB, Botelho SY, Comroe JH. A new method for measuring airway resistance in man using a body plethysmograph: values in normal subjects and in patients with respiratory disease. J. Clin. Invest. 1956;35:327–335
  33. Dubois AB. Airway resistance. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 2000;162:345–346
  34. Dab I, Alexander F. A simplified approach to the measurement of specific airway resistance. Pediatr. Res. 1976;10:998–999
  35. Dab I, Alexander F. On the advantages of specific airway resistance. Pediatr. Res. 1978;12:878–881
  36. Haluszka J, Willim G, Cutrera R, Ronchetti R, Filtcher S. A correction formula for computing specific airway resistance from a single-step measurement. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 1989;6:118–121
  37. Buhr W, Jorres R, Knapp M, Berdel D. Diagnostic value of body plethysmographic parameters in healthy and asthmatic young children is not influenced by breathing frequency. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 1990;8:23–28
  38. Lowe L, Murray CS, Custovic A, Simpson BM, Kissen PM, Woodcock A. Specific airway resistance in 3-year-old children: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2002;359:1904–1908
  39. Lowe L, Murray CS, Martin L, Deas J, Cashin E, Poletti G, et al. Reported versus confirmed wheeze and lung function in early life. Arch. Dis. Child. 2004;89:540–543
  40. Lowe LA, Woodcock A, Murray CS, Morris J, Simpson A, Custovic A. Lung function at age 3 years: effect of pet ownership and exposure to indoor allergens. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 2004;158:996–1001
  41. Aurora P, Bush A, Gustafsson P, Oliver C, Wallis C, Price J, et al. Multiple-breath washout is a marker of lung disease in preschool children with cystic fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 2005;171:249–256
  42. Peslin R, Duvivier C, Malvestio P, Benis AR, Polu JM. Frequency dependence of specific airway resistance in a commercialized plethysmograph. Eur. Respir. J. 1996;9:1747–1750
  43. Badier M, Guillot C, Dubus JC. Bronchial challenge with carbachol in 3-6-year-old children: body plethysmography assessments. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 1999;27:117–123
  44. Lindemann H. Body plethysmographic measurements in children with an accompanying adult. Respiration. 1979;37:278–281
  45. Bisgaard H, Nielsen KG. Plethysmographic measurements of specific airway resistance in young children. Chest. 2005;128:355–362
  46. Chan EY, Bridge PD, Dundas I, Pao CS, Healy MJ, McKenzie SA. Repeatability of airway resistance measurements made using the interrupter technique. Thorax. 2003;58:344–347
  47. Dab I, Alexander F. Lung function measured with a whole-body plethysmograph: standard values for children and young adults. Acta Paediatr. Belg. 1979;32:259–267
  48. Leben M, von der HH. Airway resistance, airway conductance, specific airway resistance and specific airway conductance in children. Pediatr. Res. 1983;17:508–513
  49. McFadden ER, Gilbert IA. Exercise-induced asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994;330:1362–1367
  50. McFadden ER, Nelson JA, Skowronski ME, Lenner KA. Thermally induced asthma and airway drying. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 1999;160:221–226
  51. Anderson SD, Daviskas E. The mechanism of exercise-induced asthma is …. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2000;106:453–459
  52. Argyros GJ, Phillips YY, Rayburn DB, Rosenthal RR, Jaeger JJ. Water loss without heat flux in exercise-induced bronchospasm. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1993;147:1419–1424
  53. Freed AN, Anderson SD, Daviskas E. Thermally induced asthma and airway drying. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 2000;161:2112–2113
  54. Kotaru C, Hejal RB, Finigan JH, Coreno AJ, Skowronski ME, Brianas L, et al. Desiccation and hypertonicity of the airway surface fluid and thermally induced asthma. J. Appl. Physiol. 2003;94:227–233
  55. Kotaru C, Hejal RB, Finigan JH, Coreno AJ, Skowronski ME, Brianas LJ, et al. Influence of hyperpnea on airway surface fluid volume and osmolarity in normal humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 2002;93:154–160
  56. Modl M, Eber E, Steinbrugger B, Weinhandl E, Zach MS. Comparing methods for assessing bronchial responsiveness in children: single step cold air challenge, multiple step cold air challenge and histamine provocation. Eur. Respir. J. 1995;8:1742–1747
  57. Zach MS, Polgar G. Cold air challenge of airway hyperreactivity in children: dose–response interrelation with a reaction plateau. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1987;80:9–17
  58. Zach M, Polgar G, Kump H, Kroisel P. Cold air challenge of airway hyperreactivity in children: practical application and theoretical aspects. Pediatr. Res. 1984;18:469–478
  59. Crapo RO, Casaburi R, Coates AL, Enright PL, Hankinson JL, Irvin CG, et al. Guidelines for methacholine and exercise challenge testing—1999. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 2000;161:309–329
  60. McLaughlin FJ, Dozor AJ. Cold air inhalation challenge in the diagnosis of asthma in children. Pediatrics. 1983;72:503–509
  61. Tal A, Pasterkamp H, Serrette C, Leahy F, Chernick V. Response to cold air hyperventilation in normal and in asthmatic children. J. Pediatr. 1984;104:516–521
  62. Reisman J, Mappa L, de Benedictis F, McLaughlin J, Levison H. Cold air challenge in children with asthma. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 1987;3:251–254
  63. Varga EM, Eber E, Zach MS. Cold air challenge for measuring airway reactivity in children: lack of a late asthmatic reaction. Lung. 1990;168:267–272
  64. Delacourt C, Benoist MR, Waernessyckle S, Rufin P, Brouard JJ, de Blic J, et al. Relationship between bronchial responsiveness and clinical evolution in infants who wheeze: a 4-year prospective study. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 2001;164:1382–1386
  65. Salome CM, Peat JK, Britton WJ, Woolcock AJ. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in two populations of Australian schoolchildren. I. Relation to respiratory symptoms and diagnosed asthma. Clin. Allergy. 1987;17:271–281
  66. De Baets F, Van Daele S, Franckx H, Vinaimont F. Inhaled steroids compared with disodium cromoglycate in preschool children with episodic viral wheeze. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 1998;25:361–366
  67. Woodcock A, Lowe LA, Murray CS, Simpson BM, Pipis SD, Kissen P, et al. Early life environmental control: effect on symptoms, sensitization and lung function at age 3 years. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 2004;170:433–439

PII: S1526-0542(05)00094-1

doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2005.09.013

Paediatric Respiratory Reviews
Volume 6, Issue 4 , Pages 255-266 , December 2005