Paediatric Respiratory Reviews
Volume 5, Issue 1 , Pages 45-51 , March 2004

Therapeutic strategies for allergic airways diseases

  • Kai-Håkon Carlsen

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence to: Kai-Håkon Carlsen. Tel.: +47 22 13 65 00; Fax: +47 22 13 65 05

References 

  1. Johansson SG, Hourihane JO, Bousquet J, et al.  A revised nomenclature for allergy. An EAACI position statement from the EAACI nomenclature task force. Allergy. 2001;56:813–824
  2. Worldwide variations in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) [see comments]. Eur Respir J 1998; 12: 315–335.
  3. Strachan D, Sibbald B, Weiland S, et al.  Worldwide variations in prevalence of symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Pediatr. Allergy. Immunol. 1997;8:161–176
  4. Jonasson G, Lodrup Carlsen KC, Leegaard J, Carlsen KH, Mowinckel P, Halvorsen KS. Trends in hospital admissions for childhood asthma in Oslo, Norway, 1980–95. Allergy. 2000;55:232–239
  5. Dahl R, Bjermer L. Nordic consensus report on asthma management. Nordic Asthma Consensus Group. Respir Med. 2000;94:299–327
  6. GINA Workshop Report, Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, 2nd edn. National Institutes of Health, 2002. NIH Publication No. 02-3659.
  7. British guideline on the management of asthma. Thorax 2003; 58 (Suppl 1.): 1–94.
  8. van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C, Passalacqua G, et al.  Consensus statement on the treatment of allergic rhinitis. European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Allergy. 2000;55:116–134
  9. Bousquet J, van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol. 2001;108(5 Suppl.):S147–S334
  10. Ikura Y, Naspitz CK, Mikawa H, et al.  Prevention of asthma by ketotifen in infants with atopic dermatitis. Ann. Allergy. 1992;68:233–236
  11. Bustos GJ, Bustos D, Bustos GJ, Romero O. Prevention of asthma with ketotifen in preasthmatic children: a three year follow-up study. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 1995;25:568–573
  12. Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo- controlled trial: first results of ETAC. Early Treatment of the Atopic Child. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1998; 9: 116–124.
  13. Carlsen KH, Leegaard J, Larsen S, Ørstavik I. Nebulised beclomethasone dipropionate in recurrent obstructive episodes after acute bronchiolitis during the first two years of life. Arch. Dis. Child. 1988;63:1428–1433
  14. Lodrup Carlsen KC, Carlsen KH, Nikander K, et al.  Nebulized budesonide after hospitalization for recurrent bronchial obstruction in children younger than 18 months. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2001;12:159–165
  15. Laitinen LA, Heino M, Laitinen A, Kava T, Haahtela T. Damage of the airway epithelium and bronchial reactivity in patients with asthma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1985;131:599–606
  16. Agertoft L, Pedersen S. Effects of long-term treatment with an inhaled corticosteroid on growth and pulmonary function in asthmatic children. Respir. Med. 1994;88:373–381
  17. Bousquet J, Knani J, Dhivert H, et al.  Quality of life in asthma. I. Internal consistency and validity of the SF-36 questionnaire. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1994;149(2 Pt 1):371–375
  18. Bousquet J, Bullinger M, Fayol C, Marquis P, Valentin B, Burtin B. Assessment of quality of life in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis with the French version of the SF-36 Health Status Questionnaire. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1994;94(2 Pt 1):182–188
  19. Vuurman EF, van Veggel LM, Uiterwijk MM, Leutner D, O’Hanlon JF. Seasonal allergic rhinitis and antihistamine effects on children’s learning. Ann. Allergy. 1993;71:121–126
  20. O’Hanlon JF, Ramaekers JG. Antihistamine effects on actual driving performance in a standard test: a summary of Dutch experience 1989–94. Allergy. 1995;50:234–242
  21. Stempel DA, Thomas M. Treatment of allergic rhinitis: an evidence-based evaluation of nasal corticosteroids versus nonsedating antihistamines. Am. J. Manag. Care. 1998;4:89–96
  22. Hughes K, Glass C, Ripchinski M, et al.  Efficacy of the topical nasal steroid budesonide on improving sleep and daytime somnolence in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 2003;58:380–385
  23. Pearlman DS, Lumry WR, Winder JA, Noonan MJ. Once-daily cetirizine effective in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in children aged 6–11 years: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin. Pediatr. 1997;36:209–215
  24. Wilson AM, Dempsey OJ, Sims EJ, Lipworth BJ. A comparison of topical budesonide and oral montelukast in seasonal allergic rhinitis and asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 2001;31:616–624
  25. Meltzer EO, Malmstrom K, Lu S, Prenner BM, et al.  Concomitant montelukast and loratadine as treatment for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2000;105:917–922
  26. Wilson AM, Sims EJ, Orr LC, Coutie WJ, White PS, Gardiner Q, et al.  Effects of topical corticosteroid and combined mediator blockade on domiciliary and laboratory measurements of nasal function in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001;87:344–349
  27. Kjellman NI. Natural course of asthma and allergy in childhood [review]. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 1994;5(6 Suppl.):13–18
  28. Hattevig G, Kjellman G, Björkstén B. Appearance of IgE antibodies to ingested and inhaled allergens during the first12 years of life in atopic and non-atopic children. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 1993;4:182–186
  29. Gustafsson D, Sjoberg O, Foucard T. Development of allergies and asthma in infants and young children with atopic dermatitis: a prospective follow-up to 7 years of age. Allergy. 2000;55:240–245
  30. Simons FE. Allergic rhinobronchitis: the asthma-allergic rhinitis link. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1999;104(3 Pt 1):534–540
  31. Vignola AM, Chanez P, Godard P, Bousquet J. Relationships between rhinitis and asthma. Allergy. 1998;53:833–839
  32. Linna O, Kokkonen J, Lukin M. A 10-year prognosis for childhood allergic rhinitis. Acta. Paediatr. 1992;81:100–102
  33. Chanez P, Vignola AM, Vic P, Guddo F, Bonsignore G, Godard P, et al.  Comparison between nasal and bronchial inflammation in asthmatic and control subjects. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999;159:588–595
  34. Prieto L, Berto JM, Gutierrez V. Airway responsiveness to methacholine and risk of asthma in patients with allergic rhinitis. Ann. Allergy. 1994;72:534–539
  35. Watson WT, Becker AB, Simons FE. Treatment of allergic rhinitis with intranasal corticosteroids in patients with mild asthma: effect on lower airway responsiveness. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1993;91(1 Pt 1):97–101
  36. Corren J, Harris AG, Aaronson D, Beaucher W, Berkowitz R, Bronsky E, et al.  Efficacy and safety of loratadine plus pseudoephedrine in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and mild asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1997;100(6 Pt 1):781–788
  37. Greiff L, Andersson M, Svensson C, Akerlund A, Alkner U, Persson CG. Effects of two weeks of topical budesonide treatment on microvascular exudative responsiveness in healthy human nasal airways. Eur. Respir. J. 1997;10:841–845
  38. Crystal-Peters J, Neslusan C, Crown WH, Torres A. Treating allergic rhinitis in patients with comorbid asthma: the risk of asthma-related hospitalizations and emergency department visits. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2002;109:57–62
  39. Adams RJ, Fuhlbrigge AL, Finkelstein JA, Weiss ST. Intranasal steroids and the risk of emergency department visits for asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2002;109:636–642
  40. Carlsen KH, Larsen S, Ørstavik I. Acute bronchiolitis in infancy. The relationship to later obstructive airways disease and characterization of infants at risk. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 1987;70:86–92
  41. Wennergren G, Amark M, Amark K, Oskarsdottir S, Sten G, Redfors S. Wheezing bronchitis reinvestigated at the age of 10 years. Acta. Paediatr. 1997;86:351–355
  42. Sigurs N, Bjarnason R, Sigurbergsson F, Kjellman B. Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy is an important risk factor for asthma and allergy at age 7. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000;161:1501–1507
  43. Martinez FD. Development of wheezing disorders and asthma in preschool children. Pediatrics. 2002;109(2 Suppl.):362–367
  44. Kristjansson S, Berg-Kelly K, Winso E. Inhalation of racemic adrenaline in the treatment of mild and moderately severe croup. Clinical symptom score and oxygen saturation measurements for evaluation of treatment effects. Acta. Paediatr. 1994;83:1156–1160
  45. Flores G, Horwitz RI. Efficacy of β2-agonists in bronchiolitis: a Reappraisal and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 1997;100:233–239
  46. Sanchez I, De Koster J, Powell RE, Wolstein R, Chernick V. Effect of racemic epinephrine and salbutamol on clinical score and pulmonary mechanics in infants with bronchiolitis [see comments]. J. Pediatr. 1993;122:145–151
  47. Maayan C, itzhaki T, Bar-Yishay E, Gross S, Tal A, Godfrey S. The functional response of infants with persistent wheezing to nebulized beclomethasone dipropionate. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 1986;2:9–14
  48. Wennergren G, Nordvall SL, Hedlin G, et al.  Nebulized budesonide for the treatment of moderate to severe asthma for infants and toddlers. Acta. Paediatr. 1996;85:183–189
  49. Ilangovan P, Pedersen S, Godfrey S, Nikander K, Noviski N, Warner JO. Treatment of severe steroid dependent preschool asthma with nebulised budesonide suspension. Arch. Dis. Child. 1993;68:356–359
  50. de Blic J, Delacourt C, Le Bourgeois M, et al.  Efficacy of nebulized budesonide in treatment of severe infantile asthma: a double-blind study. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1996;98:14–20
  51. McKean M, Ducharme F. Inhaled steroids for episodic viral wheeze of childhood. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; CD001107.
  52. Rotschild A, Solimano A, Sekhon HS, Massoud EA, Thurlbeck WM. Effect of triamcinolone acetonide on the development of the pulmonary airways in the fetal rat. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 1997;23:76–86
  53. Essen-Zandvliet EE, Hughes MD, Waalkens HJ, Duiverman EJ, Pocock SJ, Kerrebijn KF. Effects of 22 months of treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and/or beta-2-agonists on lung function airway responsiveness. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1992;146:547–554
  54. Henriksen JM, Dahl R. Effects of inhaled budesonide alone and in combination with low-dose terbutaline in children with exercise-induced asthma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1983;128:993–997
  55. Jonasson G, Carlsen KH, Hultquist C. Low-dose budesonide improves exercise-induced bronchospasm in schoolchildren [in process citation]. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2000;11:120–125
  56. König P, Schaffer J. The effect of drug therapy on long-term outcome of childhood asthma: A possible preview of the international guidelines. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1996;98:1103–1111
  57. Long-term effects of budesonide or nedocromil in children with asthma. The Childhood Asthma Management Program Research Group [see comments]. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1054–1063.
  58. Long-term effects of budesonide or nedocromil in children with asthma. The Childhood Asthma Management Program Research Group [see comments]. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1054–1063.
  59. Doull IJM, Freezer NJ, Holgate ST, Doull IJ. Growth of prepubertal children with mild asthma treated with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995;151:1715–1719
  60. Tinkelman DG, Reed CE, Nelson HS, Offord KP. Aerosol beclomethasone dipropionate compared with theophylline as primary treatment of chronic, mild to moderately severe asthma in children. Pediatrics. 1993;92:64–77
  61. Doull IJ, Campbell MJ, Holgate ST. Duration of growth suppressive effects of regular inhaled corticosteroids. Arch. Dis. Child. 1998;78:172–173
  62. Long-term effects of budesonide or nedocromil in children with asthma. The Childhood Asthma Management Program Research Group [see comments]. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1054–1063.
  63. Agertoft L, Pedersen S. Effect of long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide on adult height in children with asthma [see comments]. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000;343:1064–1069
  64. Priftis K, Everard ML, Milner AD. Unexpected side-effects of inhaled steroids: a case report. Eur. J. Pediatr. 1991;150:448–449
  65. Priftis K, Milner AD, Conway E, Honour JW. Adrenal function in asthma. Arch. Dis. Child. 1990;65:838–840
  66. Drake AJ, Howells RJ, Shield JPH, et al.  Lesson of the week: symptomatic adrenal insufficiency presenting with hypoglycaemia in children with asthma receiving high dose inhaled fluticasone propionate; commentary: exogenous glucocorticoids influence adrenal function but assessment can be difficult. BMJ. 2002;324:1081–1083
  67. Patel L, Wales JK, Kibirige MS, Massarano AA, Couriel JM, Clayton PE. Symptomatic adrenal insufficiency during inhaled corticosteroid treatment. Arch. Dis. Child. 2001;85:330–334
  68. Todd G, Dunlop K, McNaboe J, Ryan MF, Carson D, Shields MD. Growth and adrenal suppression in asthmatic children treated with high- dose fluticasone propionate. Lancet. 1996;348:27–29
  69. Todd GRG, Acerini CL, Buck JJ, Murphy NP, Ross-Russell R, Warner JT, et al.  Acute adrenal crisis in asthmatics treated with high-dose fluticasone propionate. Eur Respir J. 2002;19(6):1207–1209
  70. Ng PC, Fok TF, Wong GW, et al.  Pituitary-adrenal suppression in preterm, very low birth weight infants after inhaled fluticasone propionate treatment. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998;83:2390–2393
  71. Kannisto S, Korppi M, Remes K, Voutilainen R. Adrenal suppression, evaluated by a low dose adrenocorticotropin test, and growth in asthmatic children treated with inhaled steroids. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000;85:652–657
  72. Greening AP, Ind PW, Northfield M, Shaw G. Added salmeterol versus higher-dose corticosteroid in asthma patients with symptoms on existing inhaled corticosteroid. Allen & Hanburys Limited UK Study Group. Lancet. 1994;344:219–224
  73. Verberne AA, Frost C, Duiverman EJ, Grol MH, Kerrebijn KF. Addition of salmeterol versus doubling the dose of beclomethasone in children with asthma. The Dutch Asthma Study Group. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1998;158:213–219
  74. Tal A, Simon G, Vermeulen JH, et al.  Budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone in the treatment of asthma. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2002;34:342–350
  75. Russell G, Williams DA, Weller P, Price JF. Salmeterol xinafoate in children on high dose inhaled steroids. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1995;75:423–428
  76. Dowling RB, Johnson M, Cole PJ, Wilson R. Effect of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol on Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of the respiratory mucosa in vitro. Eur. Respir. J. 1999;14:363–369
  77. Kemp JP, Dockhorn RJ, Shapiro GG, et al.  Montelukast once daily inhibits exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in 6- to 14-year-old children with asthma. J. Pediatr. 1998;133:424–428
  78. Knorr B, Matz J, Bernstein JA, et al.  Montelukast for chronic asthma in 6- to 14-year-old children: a randomized. JAMA. 1998;279:1181–1186
  79. Knorr B, Franchi LM, Bisgaard H, et al.  Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, for the treatment of persistent asthma in children aged 2–5 years. Pediatrics. 2001;108:E48
  80. Simons FE, Villa JR, Lee BW, et al.  Montelukast added to budesonide in children with persistent asthma: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. J. Pediatr. 2001;138:694–698
  81. Cash R, Blonski J. In patients with asthma that is not well controlled with inhaled steroids, does salmeterol (Serevent) or montelukast (Singulair) offer better symptom relief?. J. Fam. Pract. 2001;50:802
  82. Milgrom H, Bender B, Ackerson L, Bowry P, Smith B, Rand C. Noncompliance and treatment failure in children with asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1996;98:1051–1057
  83. Jonasson G, Carlsen KH, Sodal A, Jonasson C, Mowinckel P. Patient compliance in a clinical trial with inhaled budesonide in children with mild asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 1999;14:150–154
  84. Jonasson G, Carlsen KH, Mowinckel P. Asthma drug adherence in a long term clinical trial. Arch. Dis. Child. 2000;83:330–333
  85. Gallefoss F, Bakke PS. Impact of patient education and self-management on morbidity in asthmatics and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [in process citation]. Respir. Med. 2000;94:279–287
  86. Boner AL, Valletta EA. Education in asthmatic children. Monaldi. Arch. Chest. Dis. 1994;49:250–253
  87. Strunk RC, Mrazek DA, Fukuhara JT, Masterson J, Ludwick SK, LaBrecque JF. Cardiovascular fitness in children with asthma correlates with psychologic functioning of the child. Pediatrics. 1989;84:460–464
  88. Carlsen KH, Carlsen KC. Exercise-induced asthma. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2002;3:154–160
  89. Ram FS, Robinson SM, Black PN. Effects of physical training in asthma: a systematic review. Br. J. Sports Med. 2000;34:162–167
  90. Rasmussen F, Lambrechtsen J, Siersted HC, Hansen HS, Hansen NC. Low physical fitness in childhood is associated with the development of asthma in young adulthood: the Odense schoolchild study. Eur. Respir. J. 2000;16:866–870
  91. Castro-Rodriguez JA, Holberg CJ, Morgan WJ, Wright AL, Martinez FD. Increased incidence of asthmalike symptoms in girls who become overweight or obese during the school years. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001;163:1344–1349
  92. Barr RG, Cooper DM, Speizer FE, Drazen JM, Camargo CA. Beta(2)-adrenoceptor polymorphism and body mass index are associated with adult-onset asthma in sedentary but not active women. Chest. 2001;120:1474–1479
  93. Backman A, Belin L, Dreborg S, Halvorsen R, Malling HJ, Weeke B. Standardization of allergenic preparations. Comments with reference to the second edition of the common Nordic guidelines for registration of allergenic preparations. Allergy. 1991;46:81–84
  94. Bousquet J, Lockey R, Malling HJ, et al.  Allergen immunotherapy: therapeutic vaccines for allergic diseases. World Health Organization. American academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology [see comments]. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1998;81(5 Pt 1):401–405
  95. Hedlin G. The role of immunotherapy in pediatric allergic disease. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 1995;7:676–682
  96. Bousquet J, Michel FB. Specific immunotherapy in asthma. Allergy Proc. 1994;15:329–333
  97. Abramson MJ, Puy RM, Weiner JM. Is allergen immunotherapy effective in asthma? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995;151:969–974
  98. Moller C, Dreborg S, Ferdousi HA, et al.  Pollen immunotherapy reduces the development of asthma in children with seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis (the PAT-study). J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2002;109:251–256

PII: S1526-0542(03)00106-4

doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2003.09.010

Paediatric Respiratory Reviews
Volume 5, Issue 1 , Pages 45-51 , March 2004

Article Tools