Paediatric Respiratory Reviews
Volume 5, Issue 1 , Pages 9-16 , March 2004

Evaluation of the upper airway

  • Ernst Eber

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence to: Ernst Eber. Tel.: +43 316 385 2620; Fax: +43 316 385 4621

References 

  1. Mancuso RF. Stridor in neonates. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 1996;43:1339–1356
  2. Hayes JP, Nolan MT, Brennan N, FitzGerald MX. Three cases of paradoxical vocal cord adduction followed up over a 10-year period. Chest. 1993;104:678–680
  3. Niggemann B. Functional symptoms confused with allergic disorders in children and adolescents. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2002;13:312–318
  4. Steele DW, Santucci KA, Wright RO, Natarajan R, McQuillen KK, Jay GD. Pulsus paradoxus: an objective measure of severity in croup. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med. 1998;157:331–334
  5. Lang SA, Duncan PG, Shephard DA, Ha HC. Pulmonary oedema associated with airway obstruction. Can J. Anaesth. 1990;37:210–218
  6. Kilham H, Gillis J, Benjamin B. Severe upper airway obstruction. Pediatr Clin. North Am. 1987;34:1–14
  7. Newth CJL, Levison H, Bryan AC. The respiratory status of children with croup. J. Pediatr. 1972;81:1068–1073
  8. Fanconi S, Burger R, Maurer H, Uehlinger J, Ghelfi D, Mühlemann C. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide pressure for monitoring patients with severe croup. J. Pediatr. 1990;117:701–705
  9. Corkey CW, Barker GA, Edmonds JF, Mok PM, Newth CJ. Radiographic tracheal diameter measurements in acute infectious croup: an objective scoring system. Crit. Care Med. 1981;9:587–590
  10. Sivan Y, Deakers TW, Newth CJL. Thoracoabdominal asynchrony in acute upper airway obstruction in small children. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1990;142:540–544
  11. Westley CR, Cotton EK, Brooks JG. Nebulized racemic epinephrine by IPPB for the treatment of croup. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1978;132:484–487
  12. Leipzig B, Oski FA, Cummings CW, Stockman JA, Swender P. A prospective randomized study to determine the efficacy of steroids in treatment of croup. J. Pediatr. 1979;94:194–196
  13. Hammer J, Newth CJL, Deakers TW. Validation of the phase angle technique as an objective measure of upper airway obstruction. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995;19:167–173
  14. Litman RS, Kottra JA, Gallagher PR, Ward DS. Diagnosis of anesthetic-induced upper airway obstruction in children using respiratory inductance plethysmography. J. Clin. Monit Comput. 2002;17:279–285
  15. Filippone M, Narne S, Pettenazzo A, Zacchello F, Baraldi E. Functional approach to infants and young children with noisy breathing: validation of pneumotachography by blinded comparison with bronchoscopy. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000;162:1795–1800
  16. Lunn WW, Sheller JR. Flow volume loops in the evaluation of upper airway obstruction. Otolaryngol Clin. North Am. 1995;28:721–729
  17. Couriel JM, Hibbert M, Olinsky A. Assessment of proximal airway obstruction in children by analysis of flow-volume loops. Br. J. Dis. Chest. 1984;78:36–45
  18. Miller RD, Hyatt RE. Evaluation of obstructing lesions of the trachea and larynx by flow-volume loops. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1973;108:475–481
  19. Rotman HH, Liss HP, Weg JG. Diagnosis of upper airway obstruction by pulmonary function testing. Chest. 1975;68:796–799
  20. Walner DL, Ouanounou S, Donnelly LF, Cotton RT. Utility of radiographs in the evaluation of pediatric upper airway obstruction. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 1999;108:378–383
  21. Capitanio MA, Kirkpatrick JA. Upper respiratory tract obstruction in infants and children. Radiol. Clin. North Am. 1968;6:265–277
  22. Liston SL, Gehrz RC, Siegel LG, Tilelli J. Bacterial tracheitis. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1983;137:764–767
  23. Henry RL, Mellis CM, Benjamin B. Pseudomembranous croup. Arch. Dis. Child. 1983;58:180–183
  24. Stankiewicz JA, Bowes AK. Croup and epiglottitis: a radiologic study. Laryngoscope. 1985;95:1159–1160
  25. Slovis TL, Renfro B, Watts FB, Kuhns LR, Belenky W, Spoylar J. Choanal atresia: precise CT evaluation. Radiology. 1985;155:345–348
  26. Brasch RC, Gould RG, Gooding CA, Ringertz HG, Lipton MJ. Upper airway obstruction in infants and children: evaluation with ultrafast CT. Radiology. 1987;165:459–466
  27. Brody AS, Kuhn JP, Seidel FG, Brodsky LS. Airway evaluation in children with use of ultrafast CT: pitfalls and recommendations. Radiology. 1991;178:181–184
  28. Burke AJ, Vining DJ, McGuirt WF, Postma G, Browne JD. Evaluation of airway obstruction using virtual endoscopy. Laryngoscope. 2000;110:23–29
  29. Vogl T, Wilimzig C, Bilaniuk LT, et al.  MR imaging in pediatric airway obstruction. J. Comput Assist Tomogr. 1990;14:182–186
  30. Arens R, McDonough JM, Corbin AM, et al.  Upper airway size analysis by magnetic resonance imaging of children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 2003;167:65–70
  31. Donnelly LF, Surdulescu V, Chini BA, Casper KA, Poe SA, Amin RS. Upper airway motion depicted at cine MR imaging performed during sleep: comparison between young patients with and those without obstructive sleep apnea. Radiology. 2003;227:239–245
  32. Garel C, Contencin P, Polonovski JM, Hassan M, Narcy P. Laryngeal ultrasonography in infants and children: a new way of investigating. Normal and pathological findings. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 1992;23:107–115
  33. Fan LL, Sparks LM, Fix EJ. Flexible fiberoptic endoscopy for airway problems in a pediatric intensive care unit. Chest. 1988;93:556–560
  34. De Blic J, Delacourt C, Scheinmann P. Ultrathin flexible bronchoscopy in neonatal intensive care units. Arch. Dis. Child. 1991;66:1383–1385
  35. Eber E, Zach M. Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in pediatrics: an analysis of 420 examinations. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1995;107:246–251
  36. Finer NN, Muzyka D. Flexible endoscopic intubation of the neonate. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 1992;12:48–51
  37. Wood RE. Spelunking in the pediatric airways: explorations with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. Pediatr Clin. North Am. 1984;31:785–799
  38. De Blic J, Marchac V, Scheinmann P. Complications of flexible bronchoscopy in children: prospective study of 1,328 procedures. Eur. Respir. J. 2002;20:1271–1276
  39. Nielson DW, Ku PL, Egger M. Topical lidocaine exaggerates laryngomalacia during flexible bronchoscopy. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000;161:147–151
  40. Gonzalez C, Reilly JS, Bluestone CD. Synchronous airway lesions in infancy. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 1987;96:77–80
  41. Eber E, Zach M. Flexible fiberoptic endoscopy in children with upper airway obstruction. Monatsschr. Kinderheilkd. 1996;144:43–47
  42. Holinger LD. Etiology of stridor in the neonate, infant and child. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 1980;89:397–400
  43. Nussbaum E. Usefulness of miniature flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in children. Chest. 1994;106:1438–1442
  44. Godfrey S, Avital A, Maayan C, Rotschild M, Springer C. Yield from flexible bronchoscopy in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1997;23:261–269
  45. Barbato A, Magarotto M, Crivellaro M, et al.  Use of the paediatric bronchoscope, flexible and rigid, in 51 European centres. Eur. Respir. J. 1997;10:1761–1766
  46. Nicolai T. Pediatric bronchoscopy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001;31:150–164
  47. Wood RE. The diagnostic effectiveness of the flexible bronchoscope in children. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 1985;1:188–192
  48. Lis G, Szczerbinski T, Cichocka-Jarosz E. Congenital stridor. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995;20:220–224
  49. Wood RE. Pitfalls in the use of the flexible bronchoscope in pediatric patients. Chest. 1990;97:199–203

PII: S1526-0542(03)00099-X

doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2003.09.006

Paediatric Respiratory Reviews
Volume 5, Issue 1 , Pages 9-16 , March 2004